ARTIFACTS

D3FEND

Top Level Artifacts

Digital Artifact

Address Space

Memory Extent

Shadow Stack

Thread

Memory Address

Page Table

Software Package

User

User Account

User Action

User Behavior

User Interface

User to User Message

Volume

Dependency

Link

Binary Large Object

Binary Segment

Blob

Block Device

Boot Loader

Call Stack

Certificate

Clipboard

Command

Credential

Cryptographic Key

Database

Decoy Artifact

Digital System

Directory

Display Server

DNS Lookup

Domain Registration

Enclave

File Selection

File System

File System Link

Hardware Device

Hardware Driver

Identifier

Interprocess Communication

Intrusion Detection System

Kernel Process Table

Log

Metadata

Network

Network Flow

Network Node

Network Traffic

Operating System

Partition

Partition Table

Physical Location

Platform

Pointer

Process

Process Image

Process Tree

Record

Resource

Sensor

Session

Software

Stack Component

Storage

System Call

Task Schedule

Trust Store

Files

File

Archive File

Java Archive

Custom Archive File

Certificate File

CA Certificate File

Configuration File

Operating System Configuration File

Property List File

User Init Configuration File

Application Configuration File

Compiler Configuration File

Container Image

Document File

HTML File

Office Application File

Email

Email Attachment

Multimedia Document File

Executable File

Executable Binary

Executable Script

Init Script

Network Init Script File Resource

User Init Script

PowerShell Profile Script

Python Script File

System Init Script

User Startup Script File

Web Script File

Password File

Symbolic Link

Fast Symbolic Link

NTFS Junction Point

NTFS Symbolic Link

POSIX Symbolic Link

Slow Symbolic Link

Alias

NTFS Link

NTFS Hard Link

Software Library File

Log File

Operating System Log File

Command History Log File

Object File

Kernel Module

Shared Library File

Operating System Shared Library File

Operating System File

Operating System Executable File

Shortcut File

Windows Shortcut File

Database File

Network Traffic

Network Packets

Network Session

Remote Command

Remote Procedure Call

Remote Database Query

Remote Terminal Session

Outbound Network Traffic

Outbound Internet DNS Lookup Traffic

Outbound Internet File Transfer Traffic

Outbound Internet Network Traffic

Outbound Internet Web Traffic

Outbound Internet Encrypted Web Traffic

Outbound Internet Encrypted Traffic

Outbound Internet Encrypted Remote Terminal Traffic

Outbound Internet Mail Traffic

Outbound Internet RPC Traffic

RPC Network Traffic

Intranet RPC Network Traffic

Web Network Traffic

Intranet Web Network Traffic

IPC Network Traffic

Intranet IPC Network Traffic

Mail Network Traffic

Inbound Internet Mail Traffic

Administrative Network Traffic

Intranet Administrative Network Traffic

DNS Network Traffic

File Transfer Network Traffic

Internet File Transfer Traffic

Intranet File Transfer Traffic

Inbound Network Traffic

Inbound Internet Network Traffic

Inbound Internet DNS Response Traffic

Internet Network Traffic

Intranet Network Traffic

Intranet Multicast Network Traffic

Local Area Network Traffic

Software

Software Library

Shim

Application Shim

Software Patch

Subroutine

Exception Handler

Input Function

User Input Function

Stored Procedure

Authentication Function

Console Output Function

Copy Memory Function

Deserialization Function

Eval Function

External Content Inclusion Function

File Path Open Function

Import Library Function

Log Message Function

Mathematical Function

Memory Allocation Function

Memory Free Function

Pointer Dereferencing Function

Process Start Function

Raw Memory Access Function

Serialization Function

Shared Resource Access Function

String Format Function

Thread Start Function

System Service Software

Local Authorization Service

Task Scheduler Software

Local Authentication Service

System Software

Host-based Firewall

Kernel

Utility Software

System Time Application

Network Agent

Application

Client Application

Password Manager

Service Application

Software Deployment Tool

Virtualization Software

Container Orchestration Software

Container Runtime

Credential Management System

Web Server Application

User Application

Office Application

Browser

Browser Extension

Collaborative Software

Business Communication Platform Client

Chatroom Client

Instant Messaging Client

Developer Application

Build Tool

Compiler

Software Packaging Tool

Container Build Tool

Operating System Packaging Tool

Code Analyzer

Dynamic Analysis Tool

Static Analysis Tool

Source Code Analyzer Tool

Test Execution Tool

Integration Test Execution Tool

Unit Test Execution Tool

Version Control Tool

Network Traffic Analysis Software

Application Installer

Firmware

Microcode

Peripheral Firmware

Graphics Card Firmware

Hard Disk Firmware

Human Input Device Firmware

Network Card Firmware

Peripheral Hub Firmware

System Firmware

Service Application

An application that provides a set of software functionalities so that multiple clients who can reuse the functionality, provided they are authorized for use of the service.

ID: d3f:ServiceApplication

ⓘ

Type: Software

Informational References

https://d3fend.mitre.org/dao/artifact/d3f:ServiceApplication/

D3FEND Techniques

Name	Description
D3-PM	Monitoring platform components such as operating systems software, hardware devices, or firmware.
D3-OSM	The operating system software, for D3FEND's purposes, includes the kernel and its process management functions, hardware drivers, initialization or boot logic. It also includes and other key system daemons and their configuration. The monitoring or analysis of these components for unauthorized activity constitute Operating System Monitoring.
D3-SFA	Monitoring system files such as authentication databases, configuration files, system logs, and system executables for modification or tampering.
D3-SBV	Analyzing changes in service binary files by comparing to a source of truth.

SPARTA Countermeasures

ID	Name	Description
CM0011	Vulnerability Scanning	Vulnerability scanning is used to identify known software vulnerabilities (excluding custom-developed software - ex: COTS and Open-Source). Utilize scanning tools to identify vulnerabilities in dependencies and outdated software (i.e., software composition analysis). Ensure that vulnerability scanning tools and techniques are employed that facilitate interoperability among tools and automate parts of the vulnerability management process by using standards for: (1) Enumerating platforms, custom software flaws, and improper configurations; (2) Formatting checklists and test procedures; and (3) Measuring vulnerability impact.
CM0015	Software Source Control	Prohibit the use of binary or machine-executable code from sources with limited or no warranty and without the provision of source code.
CM0019	Static Analysis	Perform static source code analysis for all available source code looking for system-relevant weaknesses (see CM0016) using no less than two static code analysis tools.
CM0021	Software Digital Signature	Prevent the installation of Flight Software without verification that the component has been digitally signed using a certificate that is recognized and approved by the mission.
CM0046	Long Duration Testing	Perform testing using hardware or simulation/emulation where the test executes over a long period of time (30+ days). This testing will attempt to flesh out race conditions or time-based attacks.
CM0047	Operating System Security	Ensure spacecraft's operating system is scrutinized/whitelisted and has received adequate software assurance previously. The operating system should be analyzed for its attack surface and non-utilized features should be stripped from the operating system. Many real-time operating systems contain features that are not necessary for spacecraft operations and only increase the attack surface.
CM0032	On-board Intrusion Detection & Prevention	Utilize on-board intrusion detection/prevention system that monitors the mission critical components or systems and audit/logs actions. The IDS/IPS should have the capability to respond to threats (initial access, execution, persistence, evasion, exfiltration, etc.) and it should address signature-based attacks along with dynamic never-before seen attacks using machine learning/adaptive technologies. The IDS/IPS must integrate with traditional fault management to provide a wholistic approach to faults on-board the spacecraft. Spacecraft should select and execute safe countermeasures against cyber-attacks. These countermeasures are a ready supply of options to triage against the specific types of attack and mission priorities. Minimally, the response should ensure vehicle safety and continued operations. Ideally, the goal is to trap the threat, convince the threat that it is successful, and trace and track the attacker — with or without ground support. This would support successful attribution and evolving countermeasures to mitigate the threat in the future. “Safe countermeasures” are those that are compatible with the system’s fault management system to avoid unintended effects or fratricide on the system.